Ben, thanks for this illuminating synthesis of three profound systems of inquiry. I’m fortunate to have pursued all three (even wading through Kants Critique of Pure reason and Sartre’s Being and Nothingness). You have put the side by side far more cogently than I ever could have!
My contribution to this thread would simple be a response to your ending. Rather than being left with a sense of discomfort at the “mismatch” of our consciousness and the unknowable universe, one can just as well embrace the mystery. One can love it. This is of course the Buddhist response, and Camus’ as well. One is not compelled to love, however. It is a choice. Like all love.